{"id":2153,"date":"2025-01-23T11:19:27","date_gmt":"2025-01-23T10:19:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/?page_id=2153"},"modified":"2025-05-23T10:49:39","modified_gmt":"2025-05-23T08:49:39","slug":"historique-de-la-gratuite","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/historique-de-la-gratuite\/","title":{"rendered":"Historique"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2153\" class=\"elementor elementor-2153\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-673110c elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"673110c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a77c48\" data-id=\"3a77c48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e385bdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e385bdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historique de la gratuit\u00e9 des transports en commun en France<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e408ec9 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e408ec9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5cfeac0\" data-id=\"5cfeac0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9df55d5 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"9df55d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Aucun titre n\\u2019a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 trouv\\u00e9 sur cette page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__9df55d5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Ouvrir la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__9df55d5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Fermer la table des mati\u00e8res\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__9df55d5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac7fb62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac7fb62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La premi\u00e8re gratuit\u00e9<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2c6ac87 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"2c6ac87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2116c6f\" data-id=\"2116c6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eff59de elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eff59de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0Passalacqua explique sur le site de l\u2019Observatoire des villes du transport gratuit que la gratuit\u00e9 des transports en commun \u00ab se trouve au c\u0153ur du processus d\u2019innovation qui a d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 sur l\u2019\u00e9mergence des transports collectifs urbains \u00e0 Nantes \u00bb. S\u2019appuyant sur des archives, il indique qu\u2019en 1826, \u00e0 Nantes, un entrepreneur nomm\u00e9 Stanislas Baudry, poss\u00e9dant des bains chauff\u00e9s en p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie de la ville, a mis en place un syst\u00e8me de diligences urbaines gratuites pour attirer davantage de clientes et clients \u00e0 ses bains, \u00e9loign\u00e9s du centre-ville.<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-kadence4 );background-color: transparent;font-family: var(--global-body-font-family)\">\u00a0Apr\u00e8s que cet entrepreneur a constat\u00e9 l\u2019utilisation de ses diligences, ind\u00e9pendamment de l\u2019usage de ses bains chauff\u00e9s, il d\u00e9cide d\u2019exploiter pleinement les diligences qui deviennent alors payantes. Cette anecdote illustre une naissance des transports en commun, certes initi\u00e9e par la gratuit\u00e9, mais structur\u00e9e par un financement total par les recettes des tickets. Ce mod\u00e8le a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 export\u00e9 par cette entrepreneur \u00e0 Paris en 1828 en cr\u00e9ant l\u2019Entreprise G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Omnibus, puis \u00e0 Londres en 1829 et \u00e0 New York en 1830.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd297a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd297a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><hr \/><p style=\"text-align: right\"><span lang=\"FR\" style=\"color: #333333\">Passalacqua, Arnaud 2021, <i>La gratuit\u00e9 aux origines des transports en commun<\/i>, http:\/\/www.obs-transport-gratuit.fr\/travaux-164\/la-gratuite-a-une-histoire-5380\/la-gratuite-aux-origines-des-transports-en-commun-billet-5381.html<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3663a5a\" data-id=\"3663a5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c143d6d elementor-pagination-position-inside elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"c143d6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;both&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Carrousel d\u2019images\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper swiper-image-stretch\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 sur 2\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/Nantes_1.png\" alt=\"Nantes_1\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"2 sur 2\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/Nantes_2.png\" alt=\"Nantes_2\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 812 713 796 708 779 692 767L438 487 692 225C700 217 708 204 708 187 708 171 704 154 692 142 675 129 663 125 646 125Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M696 533C708 521 713 504 713 487 713 471 708 454 696 446L400 146C388 133 375 125 354 125 338 125 325 129 313 142 300 154 292 171 292 187 292 204 296 221 308 233L563 492 304 771C292 783 288 800 288 817 288 833 296 850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb3428a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb3428a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\">Archives de Nantes<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b53b32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8b53b32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le d\u00e9veloppement des transports bas\u00e9 sur leur financement par les entr\u00e9es de billettique<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f27961 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"7f27961\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b63e75\" data-id=\"6b63e75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3552c24 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3552c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En France, le d\u00e9veloppement des transports en commun repose sur des entreprises priv\u00e9es qui exploitent librement les lignes, dont le financement provient des recettes g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par la vente de billets.<\/p><p>\u00c0 Paris, en 1836, 17 compagnies se livrent une concurrence f\u00e9roce sur les lignes les plus rentables du centre-ville. Ce mod\u00e8le priv\u00e9 se d\u00e9ploie \u00e9galement dans des villes comme Le Havre en 1832 et Lyon en 1837.<\/p><p>Entre 1850 et 1870, l&rsquo;extension du r\u00e9seau de tramways suit cette m\u00eame dynamique. G\u00e9r\u00e9s par des compagnies priv\u00e9es, ces tramways sont \u00e9tablis principalement sur les grands axes pour maximiser la rentabilit\u00e9. Certaines villes mettent en place des syst\u00e8mes de tickets \u00e0 tarif r\u00e9duit pour le personnel ouvrier, facilitant ainsi ses d\u00e9placements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-01d659e\" data-id=\"01d659e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c009573 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c009573\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<hr \/><p>Baldasseroni, Louis, Etienne Faugier, et Claire Pelgrims. (28 novembre 2023). Histoire des transports et des mobilit\u00e9s en France.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97b4686 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97b4686\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le d\u00e9samour des transports en commun<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f9b896d elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"f9b896d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-044c931\" data-id=\"044c931\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd92a9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bd92a9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\n    \n    \n<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9abdb16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9abdb16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gagneur, Jacques et Jean-Claude Pradeilles. (1979). Les transports urbains en province, Economie et Statistique. 1979, vol.109 n\u1d52\u00a01.<\/p><p>Mus\u00e9e des Transports Urbains. Histoire &#8211; 100 ans d\u2019autobus \u00e0 Paris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57c1ec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"57c1ec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\n    \n    \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5dfadd9\" data-id=\"5dfadd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8707d49 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8707d49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Entre les ann\u00e9es 1920 et 1960, plusieurs changements transforment le financement des transports en commun. Ils engendrent des difficult\u00e9s budg\u00e9taires croissantes. Des \u00e9volutions structurelles, telles que le passage progressif du tramway \u00e0 l&rsquo;autobus et le d\u00e9veloppement exponentiel de la voiture, modifient profond\u00e9ment le paysage des transports en commun.<\/p><p>Le tramway, per\u00e7u comme obsol\u00e8te et g\u00eanant, est progressivement abandonn\u00e9 au profit des autobus et des trolleybus, moins co\u00fbteux et plus flexibles et soutenus par l\u2019essor de l\u2019industrie automobile.<\/p><p>La baisse de la fr\u00e9quentation des r\u00e9seaux entra\u00eene une diminution des recettes issues des billets, cr\u00e9ant une crise financi\u00e8re pour les op\u00e9rateurs.<\/p><p>Les subventions publiques deviennent alors essentielles pour compenser ces pertes : la contribution des collectivit\u00e9s territoriales au financement des transports en commun passe de 3,2 % en 1967 \u00e0 32 % en 1975. Les collectivit\u00e9s prennent un nouveau r\u00f4le dans la gouvernance des transports. Le Versement Transport, devenu depuis Versement Mobilit\u00e9, est cr\u00e9e en 1973, et est progressivement \u00e9tendu \u00e0 tous les territoires. Il devient une source importante du financement des transports en France.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750d9b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"750d9b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><hr \/><p style=\"text-align: right\">Passalacqua, Arnaud. (2009). La m\u00e9moire fig\u00e9e des objets mobiles, De l\u2019histoire des transports \u00e0 l\u2019histoire de la mobilit\u00e9. 2009.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right\">Larroque, Dominique, Michel Margairaz, Pierre Zembri, et al. (6 ao\u00fbt 2002). Paris et ses transports XIXe-XXe si\u00e8cle.\u202f: Deux si\u00e8cles de d\u00e9cisions pour la ville et sa r\u00e9gion. Illustrated \u00e9dition. Paris : Recherches.<\/p><p>Wolff, Jean-Pierre. (1 juin 2015). Le tramway entre politique de transport et d\u2019urbanisme\u202f: Bordeaux, Montpellier et Toulouse, Sud-Ouest europ\u00e9en. Revue g\u00e9ographique des Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es et du Sud-Ouest. 1 juin 2015 n\u1d52\u00a039.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13cb0e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13cb0e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quelques gratuit\u00e9s des transports<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e405257 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"e405257\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-02db036\" data-id=\"02db036\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-109d5bd elementor-pagination-position-inside elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"109d5bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;both&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Carrousel d\u2019images\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper swiper-image-stretch\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 sur 4\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/1981-La-tarification-des-transports-urbains-comme-outil-de-politique-social_page-0001-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"1981 La tarification des transports urbains comme outil de politique social_page-0001\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"2 sur 4\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/1981-La-tarification-des-transports-urbains-comme-outil-de-politique-social_page-0005-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"1981 La tarification des transports urbains comme outil de politique social_page-0005\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"3 sur 4\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/1981-La-tarification-des-transports-urbains-comme-outil-de-politique-social_page-0006-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"1981 La tarification des transports urbains comme outil de politique social_page-0006\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"4 sur 4\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/1981-La-tarification-des-transports-urbains-comme-outil-de-politique-social_page-0007-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"1981 La tarification des transports urbains comme outil de politique social_page-0007\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 812 713 796 708 779 692 767L438 487 692 225C700 217 708 204 708 187 708 171 704 154 692 142 675 129 663 125 646 125Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M696 533C708 521 713 504 713 487 713 471 708 454 696 446L400 146C388 133 375 125 354 125 338 125 325 129 313 142 300 154 292 171 292 187 292 204 296 221 308 233L563 492 304 771C292 783 288 800 288 817 288 833 296 850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f438dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f438dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\">Archives du Minist\u00e8re de l&rsquo;Environnement<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b74fa8\" data-id=\"2b74fa8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaafb28 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aaafb28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 1970, des formes de gratuit\u00e9s des transports en commun se d\u00e9veloppent en France. Des gratuit\u00e9s sont propos\u00e9es pour certaines cat\u00e9gories de personnes : les personnes sous conditions de revenus \u00e0 Paris, les personnes b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant du FNS \u00e0 Bordeaux, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant du FNS et voyageant en heures creuses \u00e0 Lyon, ou encore tous les plus de 65 ans \u00e0 Toulouse. Dans certaines villes, la gratuit\u00e9 est aussi \u00e9tendue \u00e0 d\u2019autres publics, comme les personnes au ch\u00f4mage \u00e0 Grenoble depuis 1976.<\/p><p>Bien que beaucoup plus rares, quelques gratuit\u00e9s totales sont mises en place en France, comme en 1971 \u00e0 Colomiers et en 1975 \u00e0 Compi\u00e8gne.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dafd32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dafd32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Madre, J.-L. (avril 1981). La tarification des transports urbains comme outil de politique sociale. CREDOC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a64836 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a64836\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le d\u00e9veloppement de la tarification sociale<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9e798 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"ff9e798\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-349a167\" data-id=\"349a167\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b04e9d elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b04e9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Autour des ann\u00e9es 1990-2000, la l\u00e9gislation impose des tarifications cibl\u00e9es pour lutter contre les exclusions.<\/p><p>Cela concerne, par exemple, la mise en \u0153uvre de m\u00e9canismes d\u2019aide pour les personnes au ch\u00f4mage en fin de droits et pour celles\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: transparent\">de moins de vingt-six ans<\/span><span style=\"background-color: transparent\">\u00a0recherchant un emploi leur permettant l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux transports collectifs [1]. Une r\u00e9duction tarifaire d\u2019au moins 50 %<\/span><span style=\"background-color: transparent\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"background-color: transparent\">est propos\u00e9e aux\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"background-color: transparent\">personnes dont les ressources sont \u00e9gales ou inf\u00e9rieures au plafond de la couverture m\u00e9dicale universelle compl\u00e9mentaire [2].\u2009Au total, environ 5 millions de personnes b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de dispositifs de tarification sociale des transports.<\/span><\/p><p>Peu apr\u00e8s les ann\u00e9es 2000, les tarifications sociales incluant des formes de gratuit\u00e9 deviennent la norme : la gratuit\u00e9 est accord\u00e9e \u00e0 au moins une cat\u00e9gorie sociale dans 92 % des r\u00e9seaux et les voyages gratuits repr\u00e9sentent 16 % de l&rsquo;ensemble des voyages.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0ed62c8\" data-id=\"0ed62c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2498b elementor-widget elementor-widget-counter\" data-id=\"2f2498b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"counter.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-title\">personnes b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de tarifications sociales<\/div>\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-number-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-prefix\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number\" data-duration=\"2000\" data-to-value=\"5000000\" data-from-value=\"0\" data-delimiter=\" \">0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-suffix\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62c63db elementor-widget elementor-widget-counter\" data-id=\"62c63db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"counter.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-title\">des r\u00e9seaux proposent au moins une gratuit\u00e9<\/div>\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-number-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-prefix\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number\" data-duration=\"2000\" data-to-value=\"92\" data-from-value=\"0\" data-delimiter=\",\">0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-suffix\">%<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d62fb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-counter\" data-id=\"3d62fb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"counter.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-title\">des voyages sont gratuits<\/div>\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-number-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-prefix\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number\" data-duration=\"2000\" data-to-value=\"16\" data-from-value=\"0\" data-delimiter=\",\">0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-suffix\">%<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e17941 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e17941\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> <em>Loi n\u00b0 98-657 du 29 juillet 1998 d\u2019orientation relative \u00e0 la lutte contre les exclusions<\/em><\/p><p><em><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[2]<\/a> Loi n\u00b0 2000-1208 du 13 d\u00e9cembre 2000 relative \u00e0 la solidarit\u00e9 et au renouvellement urbains.<\/em><\/p><p>Fedou, Daniel, Alain Lhostis, Michel Raymond, et al. (aout 2006). La tarification sociale dans les transports urbains. La mise en oeuvre de l\u2019article 123 de la loi SRU. Rapport 2005-0376-01 RM2006-129P. Conseil g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des ponts et chauss\u00e9es.<\/p><p>Direction des Transports terrestres, CERTU, Vincent Pascal, et al. (janvier 2003). Les transports publics urbains en France &#8211; Organisation institutionnelle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acc45e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"acc45e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le d\u00e9veloppement marginal des gratuit\u00e9s totales<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5347e63 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"5347e63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ece9c6d\" data-id=\"ece9c6d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-faee199 elementor-widget elementor-widget-counter\" data-id=\"faee199\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"counter.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-title\">des habitant\u00b7es b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de la gratuit\u00e9 totale<\/div>\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-number-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-prefix\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number\" data-duration=\"2000\" data-to-value=\"3\" data-from-value=\"0\" data-delimiter=\",\">0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-suffix\">%<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68127f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-counter\" data-id=\"68127f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"counter.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-title\">des voyages gratuits sont effectu\u00e9s sur des r\u00e9seaux totalement gratuits<\/div>\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-counter-number-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-prefix\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number\" data-duration=\"2000\" data-to-value=\"5\" data-from-value=\"0\" data-delimiter=\",\">0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-counter-number-suffix\">%<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eeb4e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3eeb4e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Madre, J.-L. (avril 1981). La tarification des transports urbains comme outil de politique sociale. CREDOC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-da8d0d3\" data-id=\"da8d0d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe409d1 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe409d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Autour des ann\u00e9es 2000, la gratuit\u00e9 totale des transports en commun se d\u00e9veloppe dans plusieurs petits r\u00e9seaux.<\/p><p>Une petite trentaine de r\u00e9seaux majoritairement de petites tailles ont offert des transports en commun totalement gratuits autour des ann\u00e9es 2000.<\/p><p><span style=\"background-color: transparent;color: var(--global-palette3);font-family: var(--global-body-font-family)\">Pour autant, la gratuit\u00e9 totale reste marginale. Elle n&rsquo;est offerte qu&rsquo;\u00e0 3 % des habitant\u00b7es de France.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afe9a3c e-transform elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"afe9a3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleX_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;_transform_scaleY_effect_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"642\" src=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/1986-La-tarification-des-transports-collectifs-urbains-_-de-la-gratuite-a-la-verite-des-prix-images-40-1-1024x642.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2586\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/1986-La-tarification-des-transports-collectifs-urbains-_-de-la-gratuite-a-la-verite-des-prix-images-40-1-1024x642.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/1986-La-tarification-des-transports-collectifs-urbains-_-de-la-gratuite-a-la-verite-des-prix-images-40-1-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/1986-La-tarification-des-transports-collectifs-urbains-_-de-la-gratuite-a-la-verite-des-prix-images-40-1-768x481.jpg 768w, https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/1986-La-tarification-des-transports-collectifs-urbains-_-de-la-gratuite-a-la-verite-des-prix-images-40-1-1536x963.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/1986-La-tarification-des-transports-collectifs-urbains-_-de-la-gratuite-a-la-verite-des-prix-images-40-1-2048x1284.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Nicolas-Lazennec, Christophe. (1986). La tarifcation des transports collectifs urbains\u202f: de la gratuit\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 des prix, DEA Transport ENPC<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9193099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9193099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'intensification du d\u00e9veloppement des gratuit\u00e9s des transports<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-770fc28 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"770fc28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e21ca76\" data-id=\"e21ca76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c026e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0c026e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La gratuit\u00e9 gagne du terrain et s&rsquo;\u00e9tend \u00e0 de plus vastes territoires.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&lsquo;Aubagne amorce un changement en 2009 en devenant la premi\u00e8re intercommunalit\u00e9 de plus de 100 000 habitant\u00b7es \u00e0 mettre en place la gratuit\u00e9 totale des transports en commun.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>La gratuit\u00e9 continue de se d\u00e9velopper, comme en 2017 \u00e0 Niort, puis en 2018 avec le passage \u00e0 la gratuit\u00e9 de la Communaut\u00e9 urbaine de Dunkerque. En 2023, la m\u00e9tropole de Montpellier instaure la gratuit\u00e9 pour ses 500 000 r\u00e9sidentes et r\u00e9sidents. Elle devient le premier r\u00e9seau fran\u00e7ais avec plusieurs lignes de tramways \u00e0 adopter cette mesure.<\/p>\n<p>En 2026, le bassin de l\u2019Artois deviendra le plus grand en France \u00e0 proposer la gratuit\u00e9 sur un territoire de 600 000 habitant\u00b7es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2e25809\" data-id=\"2e25809\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e77657 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e77657\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"354\" height=\"528\" src=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/9782846264334_1_75.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2490\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/9782846264334_1_75.jpg 354w, https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/9782846264334_1_75-201x300.jpg 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Au diable vauvert<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c53682 content-align-cta-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-cta-box\" data-id=\"0c53682\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-cta-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-call-to-action cta-basic bg-img bg-fixed cta-preset-1\">\n        <h2 class=\"title eael-cta-heading\">Carte de la gratuit\u00e9 des transports<\/h2><p>D\u00e9couvrez la carte du d\u00e9veloppement de la gratuit\u00e9 des transports en France.<\/p><a href=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/developpement-gratuite-totale-france\/\" class=\"cta-button cta-preset-1  \">Cliquez ici <\/a>\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f7e04ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f7e04ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2a584f\" data-id=\"a2a584f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a3aeff elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a3aeff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/Image12.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2491\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/Image12.png 960w, https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/Image12-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/web.msh-lse.fr\/tc-gratuits\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2025\/02\/Image12-768x328.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">H2 Today<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-61d5b37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"61d5b37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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